Nero d'Avola

This single-varietal Nero d'Avola is bursting with dark aromas of berries, black cherry, liquorice and tobacco. Lush and distinctive on the palate with wonderful spicy notes of mint, anise and espresso. Juicy tannin, good length, fine pressure. A very great wine at a very reasonable price! SUPERIORE.DE

"Deep dark purple with an almost impenetrable core. Boiled down dark fruit on the nose, dried plums, dried fig, slightly animal in the second smell. Gripping in the drink, tightly woven tannin, pithy structure, turns out punchy, shows rustic character, good length." Falstaff

"Feudo Maccari's oak–aged Nero d'Avola is sourced from older vines of around 30–40 years old, from higher plots of the estate's vineyards near Avola in southeast Sicily. After a maceration of around 20 days, the wine is matured in French oak barriques for 10–14 months. The result is a rich, structured and textured Nero d'Avola with cherry and dried fruits allied to fragrant potpourri, wood and chestnuts. It has good intensity and finishes with a bright, pure black cherry and raspberry coulis character." Decanter

"A super elegant Nero d'Avola, offering clear cherries and berries, together with hints of mediterranean herbs and a twinge of dried orange peel. Medium–to full–bodied, silky and refined with lightly firm tannins and a long, well–balanced finish." James Suckling

True to the house style, Nerojbleo offers a generous load of ripe fruit with maraschino cherry and blackberry jam at the centre. Its texture is dense, soft and carried by a slight sweetness. A juice and power package with a nice drinking flow and a typical Gulfi interpretation of the grape variety. SUPERIORE.DE

Strong, bright ruby red. This one hundred percent Nero d'Avola is a captivating wine with its rich, fruity-spicy aroma of blackcurrants, cherries, undergrowth, liquorice and dark chocolate. The soft but firm, warm taste of ripe berry fruit, the fine spiciness and the noble tannin inspire us very much. SUPERIORE.DE

"Medium, bright ruby red with a slightly lightening rim. In the nose fragrance of rose hips, cranberries and blood oranges, paired with liquorice and cocoa. Fresh on the palate, with pithy, well-integrated tannin, slightly salty in the long finish." Falstaff

"Aromas of red and black cherry, baked strawberry and charred rosemary. Medium–to full–bodied with silky tannins. Slightly tangy acidity plays well with the nicely ripened red and black fruit. There’s richness to the palate here, but it remains focused and not overdone. Lovely salinity mixes with notes of ash and dried orange peel. Layered." James Suckling

Strong, bright ruby red. This one hundred percent Nero d'Avola is a captivating wine with its rich, fruity and spicy aroma of blackcurrants, cherries, undergrowth, liquorice and dark chocolate. The soft but firm, multi-layered and warm taste of ripe berry fruit, the fine spiciness and the noble tannin inspire us very much. SUPERIORE.DE

"Santa Cecilia 2020 is one of Sicily's iconic wines, a Nero d'Avola dressed with elegance and precision. The wine is softly structured and complex with dark fruits, black cherries, spices and sweet tobacco. Santa Cecilia takes a classic approach with a balance of generous fruit and carefully managed oak." Wine Advocate

"Aromas of blackberries, flowers and dark earth with hints of fresh black mushrooms. Medium to full body with round and creamy tannins and a delicious undertone. Just a hint of vanilla bean underneath the fruit." James Suckling

Sagana, an impressively varietal and at the same time very fresh Nero d'Avola of dark colour, intensely scented of sour cherries, undergrowth, iodine and graphite. Very powerful and full-bodied on the palate, velvety tannins and a long, slightly nutty finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Deep dark garnet with violet reflections. Distinctly fragrant on juicy blueberry, plum and fine pralines, in addition freshly roasted coffee, tobacco in the background. Gripping in the mouth, shows a lot of intensity, appears compact and a bit pithy in the tannin, finishes powerfully on rich fruit nuances." Falstaff

"The 2017 Nero d'Avola Sàgana pulls you close with a mix of black currants, brown spice, tobacco and crushed rocks. It’s soft in texture, presenting a pure and savory display of black fruit and inner herbal notes, all lifted by salty acids and minerals. Grippy tannins linger through the purple-tinged finale, as this tapers off lightly structured yet long, resonating on wild berries and hints of mocha and tar. Color me impressed. Give the Sagana another year in the cellar, and then reap the rewards." Vinous

"This wine sources its fruit from a site identified on the front label: the Vigneto del Torrone Bianco in the Tenuta San Giacomo. A pure expression of Nero d'Avola, the Cusumano 2017 Sicilia Sàgana is a richly concentrated and powerful wine. The bouquet is heartily enriched with blackberry preserves and cherry confit, and the wine is soft and luscious to touch. The length is moderate, even a bit clipped, in this hot vintage that front-loads most of its fruit weight and volume. Black olive tapenade appears on the finish." Wine Advocate

"A red with plenty of blackberry, chocolate, some wet earth and bark, as well as black-tea undertones. It’s full-bodied with juicy fruit and a savory finish. Give it a little time." James Suckling

The grapes for the spicy, persistent Contrada come from over 50-year-old Nero d'Avola vines. Rich, lush bouquet of black cherries and plums, wonderfully fruity aromas on the palate with notes of leather, spices and liquorice. Seduces powerfully, with vitality and freshness, tension and a very distinguished elegance. SUPERIORE.DE

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerobaronj 2014, which is now - in spring 2023 - being offered in small quantities with 5 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

"Perfumed and remarkably pretty, the 2014 NeroBaronj emerges from the glass with a dusty mix of autumnal spices, sweet rose and vibrant, freshly squeezed black cherries. It has a creamy texture with a pleasing inner sweetness, while cool acidity enlivens the crisp wild berries and contrasting sour citrus tones within. A hint of tart concentration lingers at the edge of the palate, while a lingering note of red candy lingers in the middle. This is a highly appealing and potent version of NeroBaronj." Vinous

"Deep, earthy bouquet with lots of ripe black plums, plus fresh dates and figs. Rich and quite tannic, although these two aspects of the wine now harmonise well. Notes of leather and cloves develop with air. Confident, dry finish with a lovely powdery texture." James Suckling

Neromaccarj 2018 comes from a low-lying vineyard facing the sea and shows the ripe and juicy side of Nero d'Avola. The wine opens with a deep dark appearance and aromas that are dense and broad, forming a high wall of black plum fruit. The wine is very immediate and impressive, and you don't have to look far to recognise all these broad flavours on the nose. 6,500 bottles were produced. SUPERIORE.DE

"A certified organic wine, the Gulfi 2018 NeroMàccarj is a bit softer and riper next to the NeroSanloré that is also Nero d'Avola from one of the most dynamic estates in Sicily. The wine shows medium-rich extraction with some density that comes from skin maceration along with plump tannins. It offers an opulent and immediately accessible approach with 6,400 bottles released." Wine Advocate

"Juicy and tangy red with cherries, blackberries and some fresh and dried flowers. It’s medium-to full-bodied with layers of fruit and fine tannins. Yummy at the end." James Suckling

Dark colour, beautiful bouquet of Mediterranean herbs and balsamic notes, ripe, fruity morello cherry, rich in silky tannins, the magnificent Nero d'Avola site wine Neromaccarj. SUPERIORE.DE

"Aged for two years in tonneaux, the Gulfi 2017 NeroMàccarj (made with organic fruit) shows rich intensity and lots of aromatic power despite the wine's contained fruit weight. Like other Sicilian reds from the hot and dry 2017 vintage, there is ample sweetness here and plenty of the fleshy, ripe fruit that characterizes this vintage. The NeroMàccarj is Nero d'Avola from a 2.5-hectare site with a mix of calcareous clay soils that allow for even fruit ripening." Wine Advocate

"Dark depths of rich black fruit, stone dust, sage, lavender and brown spice make up the bouquet of the 2017 NeroMaccarj. This balances sultry sex appeal with elegance from start to finish. Its textures are silky-smooth, complemented by ripe plums and currants, yet with a building salty tension as acids and minerals mix with hints of sour citrus. It cleans up beautifully through the finale, where framing tannins add a classically dry sensation under an air of violet flowers. Give this enticing Nero d'Avola another year or two of cellaring for the best results." Vinous

"Sweet-berry and cinnamon aromas follow through to a medium body with light yet fine tannins and a bright, fresh finish. From organically grown grapes. Really delicious now, but will improve with age." James Suckling

100% Nero d'Avola yields a dense ruby-violet colour and a fresh bouquet with rich fruity notes of dark cherries, honey and some grenadine. Doppiozeta unfolds explosively and finesse-rich on the palate, with a velvety tannin and very appealing length. SUPERIORE.DE

"With fruit from old bush-trained vines, the 2018 Sicilia Noto Rosso Doppiozeta is sweet and slightly jammy with blackberry preserves and black cherry confit. The wine spreads heavily over the palate with thick fruit weight and substantial texture. " Wine Advocate

"This harmonious red is bright and stylish, with a dark and juicy blend of ripe blackberries and fragrant accents of ground pepper, dried sage, ground coffee and iron. Silky tannins show through on the mineral finish." Wine Spectator

"The 2018 Rosso Doppiozeta is dark and seductive. It opens with balsamic herbs, tobacco and a hint of mocha before moving into the depths of blackcurrant and plum skin. It glides across the palate with ease, guided by bright acidity as it throws around citrus and savoury spices. Fine tannins linger along with a bitter hint of blood orange and a touch of sage. The 2018 has a finesse that already makes it extremely attractive. However, I don't think that's why it will be so long-lived." Vinous

"A juicy, complex red wine with plums, cherries and hints of slate and pumice. Also some rosemary and thyme. Full body, soft and creamy tannins and a subtle, beautiful finish." James Suckling

Don Antonio is the best selection from the Morgante vineyards, where only Nero d'Avola thrives. Concentrated and penetrating aromas, very typical of the variety, ripe fruits, accompanied by mineral and balsamic notes. On the palate lively and elegant at the same time. SUPERIORE.DE

"Fine-grained tannins are layered with a creamy mix of crushed black cherry, dried thyme and citrus peel notes in this harmonious, medium- to full-bodied red. Long and spiced on the fresh finish." Wine Spectator

"A more reserved and tight nero d'avola in nature than many with aromas and flavors of blackberries, mineral and black tea, Yet, it is always subtle and linear. Medium body and a fresh finish." James Suckling

Don Antonio is the best selection from the Morgante vineyards, where only Nero d'Avola grows. Concentrated and hauntingaromas, very typical of the variety, ripe fruit accompanied by mineral and balsamic notes. Lively and elegant on the palate. SUPERIORE.DE

"Carmelo Morgante makes a fine Nero d'Avola. The 2013 Sicilia Nero d'Avola Don Antonio is one of his best creations so far. The wine is dark and impenetrable and loaded tight with bold fruit intensity. It shows a careful measure of heft and power that leaves a deep impression but that does't feel too heavy or thick. Despite its big bones, the wine maintains its grace and elegance. Deep concentration - driven by oak flavors of spice and chocolate - push the wine forward over the palate." Wine Advocate

Muscular Nero d'Avola, deep dark red, rich in extract and powerful with aromas of dried fruits, raspberries, beetroot and blackcurrants. A juicy Sicilian from natural cultivation, which enchants us with great personality and beguiling finesse. SUPERIORE.DE

"The organic Nero d'Avola Siccagno 2020 offers a pretty medley of cherry, dark fruit and a touch of clove. The wine shows background hints of cola, black olive and baked plum. There is a lot of lifted fruit in this wine that leads to a punchy, lively style overall. It is fluid in personality but also lean in texture." Wine Advocate

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerobaronj 2008, which is now - in the spring of 2023 - being offered in small quantities with 11 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

Deep ruby red. Intense scent of raspberry, red cherry, violets and spices. Sweet, spicy and yet light on its feet, it convinces with a great inner energy that gives the red fruits, herbs and mineral flavours an impressive expression. In the never-ending finish, Nerobaronj shows itself vibrant and with well-proportioned tannin that gives the certain persistence. SUPERIORE.DE

"An exotic melange of juicy dark cherries, freshly cut flowers, licorice and tobacco takes shape as this huge, racy wine shows off its irrepressible personality. The integrity of the fruit and the wine’s sheer balance are both marvelous to behold. Layers of fruit fill out the broad-shouldered finish beautifully. In 2008, the Nerobaronj is striking in every way. I loved it." Wine Advocate

A classic from the centre of the island: stands out for its full berry fruit aroma and notes of spicy herbs and flowers. Full-bodied and smooth with lots of character and a beautiful long wild berry finish. Surprises with its elegance despite all its structure. SUPERIORE.DE

"Made from native grape Nero d'Avola, this offers intense aromas of blackberry, pepper and menthol with whiffs of toasted oak. The palate delivers a tight core of sour cherry and blackberry layered with spicy pepper, cinnamon and espresso." Wine Enthusiast

"A very polished and refined nero d'avola with sour cherries, chocolate and hints of toasted oak. Full body, loads of fruit and a juicy finish. Serious red from Sicily." Wine Advocate

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Neromaccarj 2010, which is now - in spring 2023 - offered in small quantities with 9 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

Dark colour, beautiful bouquet of Mediterranean herbs and balsamic notes, ripe, fruity morello cherry and date fruit, rich in silky tannins, that's how it is, the magnificent and expressive Nero d'Avola single-vineyard wine Neromaccarj. SUPERIORE.DE

"Rich ruby with bright violet glints. Multi-layered and inviting nose, smells of dried tomatoes, fresh plums and blackberries, also sandalwood and pepper. Lots of juicy, present fruit on the palate, fresh and crisp, then opens with fine-grained tannin, salty and persistent on the final." Falstaff

"Gulfi's wines are characterized by thick concentration, dark extraction and full throttle aromas. The 2010 Neromàccarj shows all of those qualities in ample doses. You really get a sense of the hot Sicilian summer as you contemplate the bouquet. Sweet cherry and ripe blackberry are the dominant aromas. Dig deeper and subtle tones of grilled herb, licorice and crushed mineral also begin to appear. These aromas build in intensity as the wine takes on more air in the glass. The tannins are soft and the finish is long." Wine Advocate

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Neromaccarj 2011, which is now - in spring 2023 - offered in small quantities with 8 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

Dark colour, beautiful bouquet of Mediterranean herbs and balsamic notes, ripe, fruity morello cherry and date fruit, rich in silky tannins, that's how it is, the magnificent and expressive Nero d'Avola single-vineyard wine Neromaccarj. SUPERIORE.DE

"The 2011 Neromàccarj is the wine that, in my opinion, best encompasses the overall winemaking philosophy at Gulfi. Like the other Nero d'Avola selections presented, this wine boasts a super enriched and concentrated style. On top of black fruit and cherry marmalade, the bouquet offers Teriyaki, barbecue smoke and asphalt-like aromas. Neromàccarj presents a more balanced and complete picture because its large bulk is spread evenly in proportioned elements. In other words, the opulence of the bouquet is perfectly matched to the large footprint left on the finish." Wine Advocate

Nerobufaleffj is a very unusual wine for Sicily. It offers an aromatic intensity not found anywhere else in southern Italy. The bouquet is explosive with powerful cherries, dried blackberries, tobacco and spices. Subtle hints of cinnamon and crushed clove. An exotic red of high concentration and power with a wonderfully complex, long finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"A certified organic Nero d'Avola, the Gulfi 2018 NeroBufaleffj reveals dark fruit, dried plum and fig. The wine offers rich concentration and soft tannins with plenty of dark, sweet fruit on the close. It concludes with a touch of sweetness and ripe flavors. The fruit is sourced from a three-hectare site at 50 meters above sea level with an incredible mix of white limestone soils, black clay and red sand." Wine Advocate

"The aromas of the 2018 NeroBufaleffj are unobtrusive and require coaxing to release a pretty blend of blackcurrants with violets and a hint of sweet smoke. On the palate, the NeroBufaleffj is round and smooth, with mineral red fruits and a touch of sour citrus adding to the contrast. A bitter aftertaste lingers through to the final as the 2018 finishes with crisp tannins and a hint of black liquorice. The meatiness and minerality of the Bufaleffj comes through here, but in a more approachable package." Vinous

"It has an enticing nose of purple cherries, mulberries, sage, olives, nutmeg, orange peel and dried flowers. Medium to full body with a fantastic balance of ripe fruit, spice and zesty freshness. Very drinkable." James Suckling

Precise aromas of ripe red cherries, flint, orange peel, lavender and violets. Silky and juicy on the palate, with a refined but very concentrated extract that almost crushes the taste buds, yet remains lively and not at all heavy, giving beautiful definition and lift to the red cherry, raspberry, floral and mineral flavours. The finish is very deep and long, with very soft tannins, a beguiling perfume and extreme finesse; very Barolo-like. A beautiful, complex wine that shows the elegant side of Nero d'Avola that few producers are ever able to present. SUPERIORE.DE

"The organic Gulfi 2017 NeroSanloré is packed dense at its core and offers a very true portrait of the Sicilian grape from a hot vintage. There is a lot of extra ripeness that is delivered amply across the wine's dark fruit flavors and its soft textural richness. Nero d'Avola is planted across three hectares in reddish sandy soils. Like other wines from this vintage, it delivers a front-loaded effect. In other words, you get a great deal of ripeness and aromatic intensity on first inspection, but the wine is ultimately milder and shorter in terms of finish. However you look at it, this is a versatile, fruit-forward Sicilian red." Wine Advocate

"Old tile and ripe berry with some flowers and nuts. Just a hint of dried fruit. Full-bodied with round, succulent tannins and a juicy and tangy finish." James Suckling

"The 2017 NeroSanlorè is the dusty, spicy and elegant beauty of the Gulfi Nero d’Avola range. The bouquet presents a beguiling mix of crushed stone, roses, incense and tart cherries. It’s soft and almost weightless in feel, hovering across the palate with a refined display of red berries and inner florals. A subtle coating of tannin lingers, but does not get in the way as this finishes with sweet minerals and hints of tangerine. Give the Sanlorè a year or two to come further into focus and flesh out a bit more. From the Gulfi crus, this is the vineyard closest to the sea, less than 700 meters away, and at only 10–15 meters above sea level, with vines growing in sandy soils. It is simply stunning." Vinous

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerosanloré 2014, which is now - in spring 2023 - being offered in small quantities with 5 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

Precise aromas of ripe red cherries, flint, orange peel, lavender and violets. Silky and juicy on the palate, with a refined but very concentrated extract that almost crushes the taste buds, yet remains lively and not at all heavy, giving beautiful definition and lift to the red cherry, raspberry, floral and mineral flavours. The finish is very deep and long, with very soft tannins, a beguiling perfume and extreme finesse; very Barolo-like. A beautiful, complex wine that shows the elegant side of Nero d'Avola that few producers are ever able to present. SUPERIORE.DE

"The 2014 NeroSanloré has a more mature bouquet than the other contradas tasted next to it, yet that's not to say that it’s any less pleasurable. Dark soil tones, tobacco, brown spice, cherry and plum sauce fill the glass with each swirl. It is velvety in feel yet lifted in weight, with tart red berries and saline-minerals that give way to rosy inner florals. A sweet and sour twang keeps the mouth watering through the licorice-tinged finale, as subtle tannins pinch at the cheeks, which keeps me looking back to the glass for more." Vinous

"Complex nose of black plum, bitter chocolate, balsamic vinegar, candied orange and a slew of baking spices. After all this extravagance, you might expect a soft and lush wine, but this full-bodied red has a very solid core of healthy tannin and is decisively dry. Surprisingly crisp finish." James Suckling

"This wine shows medium dark concentration, a distinguishing trait of this vintage. The aromas have embraced elegant tertiary definition with dried fruit, dark plummy flavors, spice, earth and smoky tar. The wine is drinking beautifully right now and gives us valuable and encouraging insight to the aging ability of this popular indigenous grape from Sicily." Wine Advocate

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerosanloré 2013, which is now - in spring 2023 - offered in small quantities with 6 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

Bright red-ruby. Perfumed aromas of violets, red cherries, raspberries, Mediterranean herbs and thyme. Then dense but juicy, with harmonious acidity that nicely lifts and prolongs the juicy, very pure, overripe red cherry and berry flavours on the long, mineral finish. Despite its maturity, the wine seems supple and is a real beauty! SUPERIORE.DE

"I love the intense herb-liqueur and balsamic-vinegar character on the nose, also because its married to delicious richness. Still very lively for a five-year-old red and the balance of ripeness and rather supple tannins is impressive. Long finish." James Suckling

"The 2013 Sicilia Nerosanloré is a rich and plush red wine with a mid-weight approach backed by lots of rich fiber and fruity thickness. The house style at Gulfi always prizes ripeness and higher-than-average concentration. Blackberry preserves and cherry confit are backed by spice, sweet tobacco and sticky tar. The San Lorenzo vineyard site enjoys the highest altitude of all these cru sites. It is located at 600 meters above sea level and has red sandy soils." Wine Advocate

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerosanloré 2012, which is now - in spring 2023 - offered in small quantities with 7 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

An exceptionally characterful and powerful Nero d'Avola is the Nerosanloré. From a beautiful vineyard in Pacchino, the area of origin of the famous vine. Mineral, vital, ripe, elegant, long finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"Deep ruby red. Refined, highly complex aromas of blueberries, flint, exotic spices, faded flowers, cumin and cardamom. Bright, juicy and penetrating on the palate, with great mid-palate energy and a brooding quality to the very deep but currently subtle spicy red and blue fruit flavours. It rises impressively on the back palate, which is elegant and perfumed, with soft, fine-grained tannins, a restrained sweetness and a lingering flinty nuance. A remarkably deep, complex NeroSanlorè." VINOUS

Finest brandy from the marcs of Don Antonio of Morgante, distilled by the expert of the barrique grappa Distillerie Berta in Piedmont. Amber-coloured, spicy aroma of blackcurrants, apricots and Marasca cherry with subtle spicy notes of cocoa and vanilla. Full-bodied taste with an intense finish. SUPERIORE.DE

For some years now, Matteo Catania has been holding back a few hundred bottles of his wines in the best vintages in order to offer them to his most loyal importers after a few years. From this "private reserve" comes Nerosanloré 2009, which is now - in the spring of 2023 - being offered in small quantities with 10 years of further bottle ageing quasi in Riserva quality.

An exceptionally characterful and powerful Nero d'Avola is the Nerosanloré. From a beautiful vineyard in Pacchino, the area of origin of the famous vine. Mineral, vital, ripe, elegant, long finish. SUPERIORE.DE

"The bouquet of the 2009 Nerosanlorè exudes sweet aromas of toasted oak and baking spices. This is a very elaborate red wine that shows the craftsmanship and work of the winemaker. The bouquet is complex with aromas of ripe fruit, blackberry compote, tobacco and lots of spices from the long oak ageing. In addition, the wine offers abundant tertiary aromas of liquorice, resin and tar. This is a very attractive red wine that brings all the power and sunshine of Sicily to your glass. At 14.5% alcohol, it has power and determination." Wine Advocate

"Notes of pureed black cherries and dates mingle with dried herbs, mocha and black olive tapenades in this juicy red wine framed by gentle tannins. Harmonious and fresh, with a lingering aniseed-flavoured finish." Wine Spectator

"Beautiful full ruby red. Overripe aromas of black cherries, capers, sun-dried tomatoes and sweet oak lifted by a floral top note. Fat and sweet in the mouth, with a high, liqueur-like quality to the ripe red fruits and salty bottom notes. It finishes with creamy, smooth tannins and excellent length. VINOUS